{"id":12,"date":"2011-12-09T18:45:43","date_gmt":"2011-12-09T18:45:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/benatkyhajovna.cz\/?page_id=12"},"modified":"2011-12-09T20:45:46","modified_gmt":"2011-12-09T20:45:46","slug":"k-zamysleni","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/benatkyhajovna.cz\/?page_id=12","title":{"rendered":"K zamy\u0161len\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Stanovisko v\u011bdc\u016f a odborn\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f k ochran\u011b \u010desk\u00fdch les\u016f<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Navzdory poklesu emis\u00ed b\u011bhem 90. let z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 stav \u010desk\u00fdch les\u016f nad\u00e1le \u0161patn\u00fd. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 probl\u00e9my shrnula u\u017e obs\u00e1hl\u00e1 odborn\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va o stavu lesn\u00edch p\u016fd, kterou pro vl\u00e1du p\u0159ipravil t\u00fdm specialist\u016f v roce 2001 (Hru\u0161ka et Cienciala 2001). Jako v\u011bdci a odborn\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed se ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci lesy a jejich ochranou zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed, pova\u017eujeme za pot\u0159ebn\u00e9, aby p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady a z\u00e1konod\u00e1rci provedli opat\u0159en\u00ed, je\u017e zajist\u00ed zlep\u0161en\u00ed. Sv\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9 situace a kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 doporu\u010den\u00ed shrnujeme v tomto stanovisku. Je zalo\u017eeno na znalostech a expertn\u00edch zku\u0161enostech autor\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed pracuj\u00ed v oborech lesnictv\u00ed, ekologie, botaniky \u010di zoologie, geochemie p\u016fd a dal\u0161\u00edch souvisej\u00edc\u00edch oblastech. V\u011b\u0159\u00edme, \u017ee poslou\u017e\u00ed k otev\u0159en\u00ed i ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 diskuse o tomto t\u00e9matu.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdznam \u010desk\u00fdch les\u016f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lesy pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed 33 % \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. Maj\u00ed n\u011bkoliker\u00fd z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam. P\u0159edstavuj\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9 biotopy velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti dom\u00e1c\u00edch druh\u016f rostlin a \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f, tak\u017ee hraj\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v uchov\u00e1n\u00ed biologick\u00e9 rozmanitosti na\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrody. Tvo\u0159\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd prvek, kter\u00fd v\u00fdznamn\u011b ur\u010duje r\u00e1z krajiny od hor do n\u00ed\u017einn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed. Jsou zdrojem d\u0159eva, tak\u017ee na nich z\u00e1vis\u00ed velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st m\u00edstn\u00ed ekonomiky v \u0159ad\u011b obc\u00ed a m\u011bst, zejm\u00e9na v podhorsk\u00fdch regionech, a cel\u00e1 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 odv\u011btv\u00ed. V\u00fdrazn\u011b ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed klima – na jejich poloze, rozloze a stavu nap\u0159\u00edklad \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed jestli, kde a kolik pr\u0161\u00ed. Zvy\u0161uj\u00ed reten\u010dn\u00ed kapacitu krajiny, tak\u017ee pom\u00e1haj\u00ed zajistit p\u0159\u00edsun pitn\u00e9 vody, stabiln\u00ed pr\u016ftok v \u0159ek\u00e1ch a z\u00e1rove\u0148 p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k ochran\u011b p\u0159ed povodn\u011bmi. Br\u00e1n\u00ed erozi, zejm\u00e9na na prudk\u00fdch svaz\u00edch. Maj\u00ed nezastupitelnou \u00falohu pro rekreaci.<\/p>\n

Stav les\u016f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bchto d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch funkc\u00ed ov\u0161em br\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161patn\u00fd stav \u010desk\u00fdch les\u016f. Nesouvis\u00ed p\u0159itom pouze s d\u016fsledky historick\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a souvisej\u00edc\u00edho okyselov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobilo extr\u00e9mn\u00ed masov\u00e9 odum\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed porost\u016f v n\u011bkter\u00fdch poho\u0159\u00edch v 60. a\u017e 80. letech 20. stolet\u00ed.
\nLesy nad\u00e1le ch\u0159adnou. Opakovan\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed k p\u0159\u00edpad\u016fm hynut\u00ed porost\u016f na v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch \u010di men\u0161\u00edch ploch\u00e1ch vinou houbov\u00fdch chorob, napaden\u00ed k\u016frovci i dal\u0161\u00edmi druhy hmyzu a polom\u016f. Takzvan\u00e9 kalamitn\u00ed t\u011b\u017eby – tedy nepl\u00e1novan\u00e9, vynucen\u00e9 vyt\u011b\u017een\u00ed strom\u016f, kter\u00e9 z n\u011bjak\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu n\u00e1hle uhynuly v m\u00edstech, kde se zat\u00edm nem\u011blo k\u00e1cet – v posledn\u00edch letech tvo\u0159\u00ed a\u017e des\u00edtky procent produkce d\u0159eva (MZe 2005).
\nJe\u0161t\u011b daleko v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st porost\u016f je po\u0161kozena. Zdravotn\u00ed stav les\u016f v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice se hodnot\u00ed od roku 1986 na monitorovac\u00edch ploch\u00e1ch programu ICP – Forest, kter\u00fd spole\u010dn\u011b organizuj\u00ed Evropsk\u00e1 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 komise OSN a Evropsk\u00e1 unie. Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm parametrem tohoto \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed je m\u00edra defoliace (ztr\u00e1ta jehlic nebo list\u016f) strom\u016f. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b p\u0159es 70 % jehli\u010dnan\u016f a 34 % listn\u00e1\u010d\u016f star\u0161\u00edch \u0161edes\u00e1ti let vykazuje v\u00edce ne\u017e 25% ztr\u00e1tu list\u016f \u010di jehli\u010d\u00ed (MZe et V\u00daLHM 2004).
\nProbl\u00e9m se v p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch desetilet\u00edch pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b je\u0161t\u011b zhor\u0161\u00ed postupn\u00fdm oteplov\u00e1n\u00edm. Klimatick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, ve kter\u00fdch smrk u\u017e nen\u00ed schopen r\u016fst, se posunou do v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch nadmo\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161ek (Kalvov\u00e1 et al. 2003). P\u0159esto\u017ee m\u00edru stresu, kter\u00fdm stromy budou trp\u011bt, zm\u00edrn\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e, o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se posun vegeta\u010dn\u00edch p\u00e1sem a postupn\u00e9 odum\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed i smrkov\u00fdch porost\u016f ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch poloh\u00e1ch, kde m\u011bly doposud dobr\u00e9 podm\u00ednky k r\u016fstu: zejm\u00e9na v d\u016fsledku jejich neschopnosti odol\u00e1vat v su\u0161\u0161\u00edm klimatu hmyz\u00edm a houbov\u00fdm \u0161k\u016fdc\u016fm (Kalvov\u00e1 et al. 2003).
\nV d\u016fsledku holose\u010dn\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed a p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed smrkov\u00fdch monokultur doch\u00e1z\u00ed k degradaci lesn\u00ed p\u016fdy, odplavov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivin, miz\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 p\u016fdn\u00ed organizmy, m\u011bn\u00ed se jej\u00ed struktura a na mnoha m\u00edstech je i p\u016fda sama ohro\u017eena eroz\u00ed.
\nZ\u00e1sadn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem je, \u017ee p\u0159i ochran\u011b les\u016f a jejich managementu, se pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u016fd\u011b v\u011bnuje jen velmi mal\u00e1 pozornost. P\u0159itom v\u0161ak na jej\u00edm stavu z\u00e1vis\u00ed nejen d\u0159evn\u00ed produkce, ale ve\u0161ker\u00fd \u017eivot na jej\u00edm povrchu. Proto aspekty ochrany p\u016fdy v tomto stanovisku zd\u016fraz\u0148ujeme. \u017divot v p\u016fd\u011b se mus\u00ed chr\u00e1nit ve stejn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e jako nadzemn\u00ed slo\u017eky ekosyst\u00e9mu.
\nP\u0159irozen\u00e1 biologick\u00e1 rozmanitost v les\u00edch v\u00fdznamn\u011b poklesla. Intenzivn\u011b obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00e9, zejm\u00e9na smrkov\u00e9 monokultury, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu porost\u016f, nezaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed biotopy nutn\u00e9 pro \u017eivot \u0159ady p\u016fvodn\u00edch lesn\u00edch rostlin a \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f. Des\u00edtky z nich pat\u0159\u00ed mezi druhy v\u00e1\u017en\u011b ohro\u017een\u00e9 vyhynut\u00edm, \u0159ada druh\u016f u\u017e vyhynula.
\nVelk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st les\u016f je siln\u011b po\u0161kozov\u00e1na sp\u00e1rkatou zv\u011b\u0159\u00ed okusem, loup\u00e1n\u00edm a ohryzem.
\nSmrkov\u00e9 monokultury tak\u00e9 trp\u00ed nadbytkem dus\u00edku. Ten se do ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a lesn\u00edch p\u016fd dost\u00e1v\u00e1 hlavn\u011b ze spalin automobil\u016f a z pr\u016fmyslu. Produkce oxid\u016f dus\u00edku se v posledn\u00edch letech dokonce zvy\u0161uje, na rozd\u00edl od emis\u00ed s\u00edry, kter\u00e9 historicky po\u0161kozovaly lesy nejv\u00edce, ale velmi klesly v 90. letech 20. stolet\u00ed d\u00edky ods\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed elektr\u00e1ren. Dus\u00edk je v lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9mech v nadbytku a zp\u016fsobuje nap\u0159\u00edklad nadm\u011brn\u00fd r\u016fst. Smrky se pak snadno l\u00e1mou a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed obsah dus\u00edku v pletivech \u010din\u00ed stromy velmi atraktivn\u00edmi pro nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hmyz\u00ed a houbov\u00e9 \u0161k\u016fdce.
\nNerovnom\u011brn\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed les\u016f v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice (chyb\u00ed lesy v \u00farodn\u00fdch n\u00ed\u017ein\u00e1ch) zp\u016fsobuje vysu\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed krajiny a erozi p\u016fdy v n\u00edzk\u00fdch poloh\u00e1ch. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 klesla schopnost porost\u016f zadr\u017eovat z\u00e1plavy. Z n\u00ed\u017ein t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u00fapln\u011b zmizely lu\u017en\u00ed lesy pod\u00e9l \u0159ek, kam se povod\u0148ov\u00e1 vlna mohla bez v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch \u0161kod rozl\u00e9vat.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00ed\u010diny \u0161patn\u00e9ho stavu les\u016f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0160patn\u00fd stav les\u016f – hynut\u00ed porost\u016f, ztr\u00e1ta odolnosti, kalamity, n\u00edzk\u00e1 biologick\u00e1 diverzita, pokles reten\u010dn\u00ed schopnosti a dal\u0161\u00edch funkc\u00ed les\u016f, eroze – m\u00e1 n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00ed\u010din. V\u011bt\u0161ina z nich souvis\u00ed se zp\u016fsobem hospoda\u0159en\u00ed. \u010cesk\u00e9 lesnictv\u00ed toti\u017e konzervativn\u011b trv\u00e1 na hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m modelu stejnov\u011bk\u00e9ho lesa a paseky.<\/p>\n

Holose\u010de<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u016fsledky holose\u010d\u00ed pro lesn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my jsou v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9. Obna\u017een\u00e1 vrstva humusu rychle mineralizuje, je de\u0161t\u011bm smyta a odplavena.
\nZ\u00e1rove\u0148 odum\u00edraj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 p\u016fdn\u00ed bakterie, houby a p\u016fdn\u00ed \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed pro lesn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my a pro funkci p\u016fdy kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Za\u010dnou dominovat druhy sn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed su\u0161\u0161\u00ed a teplej\u0161\u00ed pudu. T\u00edm doch\u00e1z\u00ed k poru\u0161en\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch rozkladn\u00fdch proces\u016f v p\u016fd\u011b a ke zm\u011bn\u011b p\u016fdn\u00ed mikrostruktury. Jsou tak p\u0159eru\u0161eny p\u016fdotvorn\u00e9 procesy, kter\u00e9 prob\u00edhaly v p\u016fvodn\u00edm lese. Obnova lesa je velmi zt\u00ed\u017eena tak\u00e9 proto, \u017ee na holin\u011b vyhynou druhy p\u016fdn\u00ed fauny, je\u017e zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed p\u0159enos mykorrhizn\u00edch hub na ko\u0159\u00ednky vys\u00e1zen\u00fdch d\u0159evin. Mykorrhizn\u00ed houby jsou p\u0159itom pro stromky nesm\u00edrn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 – pom\u00e1haj\u00ed jim toti\u017e z\u00edsk\u00e1vat v\u00fd\u017eivu z p\u016fdy.
\nRozpadaj\u00ed se p\u016fdn\u00ed komplexy, ve kter\u00fdch je v\u00e1z\u00e1na voda a \u017eiviny. P\u016fda se zhut\u0148uje, ztr\u00e1c\u00ed p\u00f3rovitost, a t\u00edm i kapacitu zadr\u017eovat vodu.
\nNep\u0159e\u017eij\u00ed ani mlad\u00e9 semen\u00e1\u010dky, kter\u00e9 rostly ve st\u00ednu lesa – likviduje je prudk\u00e9 oslun\u011bn\u00ed \u010di po\u0161kozen\u00ed t\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed mechanizac\u00ed.
\nV takto degradovan\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed se posl\u00e9ze prov\u00e1d\u00ed v\u00fdsadba mlad\u00fdch stromk\u016f, a to zpravidla p\u0159\u00edmo klimaxov\u00fdmi d\u0159evinami (smrkem, jedl\u00ed, bukem a jin\u00fdmi). To je z\u00e1sadn\u011b chybn\u00e9: jednak jsou tyto d\u0159eviny zna\u010dn\u011b citliv\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m holin, jednak pro mo\u017en\u00fd vznik genetick\u00fdch zm\u011bn. Stromky tzv. klimaxov\u00fdch genotyp\u016f vy\u017eaduj\u00ed v ml\u00e1d\u00ed r\u016fst v z\u00e1stinu a na holin\u011b uhynou. Ujmou se p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b stromky pion\u00fdrsk\u00fdch genotyp\u016f, kter\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed v tvrd\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch na holin\u011b p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt. T\u00edm se drasticky m\u011bn\u00ed charakter cel\u00e9 populace – zkracuje se fyzick\u00fd v\u011bk, sni\u017euje se odolnost proti \u0161k\u016fdc\u016fm, prom\u011bnlivost i adaptabilita ke zm\u011bn\u00e1m prost\u0159ed\u00ed atd. Stromy vys\u00e1zen\u00e9 na holin\u00e1ch b\u00fdvaj\u00ed n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 d\u0159\u00edve podl\u00e9hat \u0161k\u016fdc\u016fm \u010di v\u011btru nebo samy odum\u00edraj\u00ed, n\u011bkdy ji\u017e v osmdes\u00e1ti letech v\u011bku.
\nZ holin do\u010dasn\u011b nebo trvale miz\u00ed lesn\u00ed druhy rostlin a \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f. M\u00edsto nich expanduj\u00ed druhy otev\u0159en\u00e9 krajiny – tr\u00e1vy a byliny -, kter\u00e9 po um\u011bl\u00e9m zalesn\u011bn\u00ed znesnad\u0148uj\u00ed n\u00e1vrat p\u016fvodn\u00edch lesn\u00edch druh\u016f. P\u016fdn\u00ed organismy, zejm\u00e9na n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00ed \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9, se na nov\u011b zalesn\u011bnou paseku nevr\u00e1t\u00ed, proto\u017ee jim k tomu sch\u00e1z\u00ed migra\u010dn\u00ed schopnosti.<\/p>\n

Druhov\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina porost\u016f trp\u00ed nep\u0159irozenou druhovou skladbou. Za p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch podm\u00ednek by p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017enou \u010d\u00e1st \u010desk\u00fdch les\u016f tvo\u0159ily sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 nebo listnat\u00e9 porosty: nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi druhy strom\u016f by byly duby a buky. Pod\u00edl smrku by \u010dinil pouze 11 % (MZe 2005) soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00fdch v horsk\u00fdch oblastech nebo v azon\u00e1ln\u00edch, mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b chladn\u00fdch biotopech st\u0159edn\u00edch poloh. Tak\u00e9 v hor\u00e1ch jsou p\u016fvodn\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 lesy: \u010dist\u00e9 smr\u010diny byly velmi vz\u00e1cn\u00e9. Dnes je v\u0161ak smrk zastoupen 53 % (MZe 2005).
\nV les\u00edch p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00ed smrkov\u00e9, borov\u00e9 a dal\u0161\u00ed monokultury, v\u010detn\u011b listnat\u00fdch – nap\u0159\u00edklad topolov\u00fdch monokultur pod\u00e9l vodn\u00edch tok\u016f v n\u00ed\u017ein\u00e1ch, m\u00edsty i monokultur bukov\u00fdch. Probl\u00e9m p\u0159itom nad\u00e1le pokra\u010duje. Z nov\u011b vys\u00e1zen\u00fdch stromk\u016f smrk tvo\u0159\u00ed 44 % (MZe 2005). Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 alarmuj\u00edc\u00ed je masivn\u00ed p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed smrkov\u00fdch monokultur i ve velmi cenn\u00fdch oblastech listnat\u00fdch les\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad na K\u0159ivokl\u00e1tsku.
\nMonokulturn\u00ed nebo monokultur\u00e1m bl\u00edzk\u00e9 porosty jsou m\u00e9n\u011b stabiln\u00ed. Plat\u00ed to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pr\u00e1v\u011b pro smrk: horskou d\u0159evinu, kter\u00e1 v ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch a st\u0159edn\u00edch poloh\u00e1ch trp\u00ed nadm\u011brn\u00fdm stresem. Stromy jsou proto n\u00e1chyln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k onemocn\u011bn\u00edm, napaden\u00ed \u0161k\u016fdci, v\u00fdkyv\u016fm po\u010das\u00ed \u010di polom\u016fm.
\nNep\u0159irozen\u00e9 smrkov\u00e9 monokultury rovn\u011b\u017e degraduj\u00ed lesn\u00ed p\u016fdu. Rozklad jehli\u010d\u00ed toti\u017e – na rozd\u00edl od list\u016f a d\u0159eva – d\u00e1v\u00e1 kyselou reakci, a tak acidifikuje p\u016fdu. Proto a\u010dkoli do\u0161lo k omezen\u00ed kysel\u00e9ho spadu z pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch emis\u00ed oxidu si\u0159i\u010dit\u00e9ho a oxid\u016f dus\u00edku, smrkov\u00e9 monokultury nad\u00e1le udr\u017euj\u00ed p\u016fdy siln\u011b kysel\u00e9 a se zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00fdm chemick\u00fdm slo\u017een\u00edm. Zp\u016fsobuje to n\u011bkolik faktor\u016f: nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fd obsah \u017eivin v jehli\u010d\u00ed, pomalej\u0161\u00ed kolob\u011bh l\u00e1tek v p\u016fd\u011b jehli\u010dnat\u00e9ho lesa, \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zachyt\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00edry a dus\u00edku ze vzduchu jehlicemi ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s listy, hor\u0161\u00ed rozklad jehli\u010d\u00ed, co\u017e d\u00e1le sni\u017euje mno\u017estv\u00ed \u017eivin v p\u016fd\u011b, a slab\u0161\u00ed schopnost jehli\u010dnat\u00fdch les\u016f zpracovat nadm\u011brn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed dus\u00edku v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Rozklad jehli\u010d\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nen\u00ed prom\u00edchan\u00e9 s listy, je nav\u00edc zpomalen, vrstvy se hromad\u00ed a zhut\u0148uj\u00ed lesn\u00ed p\u016fdu.
\nNejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9my p\u0159itom zp\u016fsobuje p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed smrku na nevhodn\u00fdch stanovi\u0161t\u00edch. Smrk je horskou d\u0159evinou s m\u011blk\u00fdm ko\u0159enov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem, je uvykl\u00fd na chlad a velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek. Jeho vysazov\u00e1n\u00ed v ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch a st\u0159edn\u00edch poloh\u00e1ch znamenalo v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 po\u0161kozen\u00ed t\u011bchto les\u016f. Smrk nen\u00ed na toto prost\u0159ed\u00ed p\u0159izp\u016fsoben, nem\u00e1 dostatek vody, kterou neum\u00ed z\u00edskat z hlub\u0161\u00edch vrstev p\u016fdy, ch\u0159adne a odum\u00edr\u00e1, proto\u017ee snadno podl\u00e9h\u00e1 r\u016fzn\u00fdm tzv. \u0161k\u016fdc\u016fm. Tento stav se bude nad\u00e1le zhor\u0161ovat, pokud dojde k p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011b klimatu.<\/p>\n

V\u011bkov\u00e1 a prostorov\u00e1 skladba<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lesy jsou nep\u0159irozen\u011b stejnov\u011bk\u00e9, v\u011bt\u0161inou je tvo\u0159\u00ed stejn\u011b star\u00e9 stromy. \u0158ada organism\u016f v\u00e1zan\u00fdch nap\u0159\u00edklad pouze na dutiny nebo n\u011bkterou v\u00fdvojovou f\u00e1zi lesa tak na desetilet\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b zmiz\u00ed. Lesy jsou prostorov\u011b unifikovan\u00e9, miz\u00ed pestr\u00e9 struktury, kter\u00e9 za p\u0159irozen\u00fdch podm\u00ednek roz\u010dle\u0148uj\u00ed dopad sv\u011btla. Stejn\u011b tak ve smrkov\u00fdch monokultur\u00e1ch chyb\u00ed mozaika mikroprost\u0159ed\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00edho povrchu. To m\u00e1 vliv na mizen\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch specializovan\u00fdch druh\u016f, je\u017e tuto pestrost biotop\u016f vy\u017eaduj\u00ed: typicky hmyzu nebo p\u016fdn\u00ed fauny.
\nStejnov\u011bk\u00e9 lesy jsou tak\u00e9 mnohem n\u00e1chyln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k po\u0161kozen\u00ed kalamitami. Nap\u0159\u00edklad k\u016frovec napad\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inou jen star\u0161\u00ed smrky, tak\u017ee pokud se p\u0159emno\u017e\u00ed v r\u016fznov\u011bk\u00e9m sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9m lese, uschnou pouze n\u011bkter\u00e9 stromy. V porostu stejnov\u011bk\u00e9m uhynou v\u0161echny.<\/p>\n

Biologick\u00e1 diverzita a tlej\u00edc\u00ed d\u0159evo<\/strong><\/p>\n

Z les\u016f se odv\u00e1\u017e\u00ed prakticky ve\u0161ker\u00e1 d\u0159evn\u00ed hmota. Nez\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed zde tedy \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 star\u00e9 stromy ani mrtv\u00e9 d\u0159evo, a\u010dkoli za p\u0159irozen\u00fdch podm\u00ednek by tu st\u00e1ly nebo le\u017eely \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b des\u00edtky a\u017e ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed stovky kus\u016f na hektar. Na mrtv\u00e9 d\u0159evo (stoj\u00edc\u00ed i le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed) je p\u0159itom v\u00e1z\u00e1no t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 40 % druh\u016f organism\u016f, kter\u00e9 se pod\u00edlej\u00ed na biodiverzit\u011b lesa – \u017eivotn\u011b na n\u011bm z\u00e1vis\u00ed \u0159ada pt\u00e1k\u016f, hmyzu, hub, p\u016fdn\u00ed fauny, mech\u016f, li\u0161ejn\u00edk\u016f i dal\u0161\u00edch druh\u016f. Chyb\u00ed zde dutiny k hn\u00edzd\u011bn\u00ed, nen\u00ed tu tlej\u00edc\u00ed d\u0159evo, kde nach\u00e1zej\u00ed \u00fakryt a podm\u00ednky pro v\u00fdvoj mnoho skupin bezobratl\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f a kde hledaj\u00ed potravu datli i jin\u00ed pt\u00e1ci.
\nPro les je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby v n\u011bm z\u016fst\u00e1vala \u010d\u00e1st tzv. p\u0159est\u00e1rl\u00fdch strom\u016f, tak\u00e9 proto, \u017ee pod nimi jsou jin\u00e9 formy humusu ne\u017e pod stromy mlad\u0161\u00edmi. Umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed tak rozvoj vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch, ale pro fungov\u00e1n\u00ed lesa d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch druh\u016f p\u016fdn\u00ed fauny. Po dvakr\u00e1t a\u017e t\u0159ikr\u00e1t opakovan\u00e9 t\u011b\u017eb\u011b bez ponech\u00e1n\u00ed star\u00fdch strom\u016f tyto druhy v ekosyst\u00e9mu vyhynou a plochu ji\u017e neos\u00eddl\u00ed.
\nZ\u00e1rove\u0148 z lesa postupn\u011b ub\u00fdvaj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 \u017eiviny. P\u0159irozen\u011b by se v lese hromadily a zaji\u0161\u0165ovaly v\u00fd\u017eivu d\u0159evin. Takto s d\u0159evem masivn\u011b miz\u00ed a u\u017e se nevracej\u00ed. Bez rovnov\u00e1hy mezi t\u00edm, kolik d\u0159eva se z lesa odv\u00e1\u017e\u00ed a kolik ponech\u00e1 k zetlen\u00ed, se postupn\u011b, obm\u00fdt\u00ed za obm\u00fdt\u00edm, vy\u010derp\u00e1vaj\u00ed z\u00e1soby \u017eivin v p\u016fd\u00e1ch. Na kysel\u00fdch mate\u010dn\u00fdch hornin\u00e1ch b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika t\u011b\u017eebn\u00edch cykl\u016f vznik\u00e1 nedostatek v\u00e1pn\u00edku, fosforu \u010di dal\u0161\u00edch \u017eivin, co\u017e se projevuje ch\u0159adnut\u00edm les\u016f.<\/p>\n

P\u0159emno\u017een\u00e1 zv\u011b\u0159<\/strong><\/p>\n

V les\u00edch se udr\u017euj\u00ed vysok\u00e9 stavy sp\u00e1rkat\u00e9 zv\u011b\u0159e, zejm\u00e9na jelen\u00ed a srn\u010d\u00ed, kv\u016fli velk\u00e9mu z\u00e1jmu o jejich lov, pot\u0159eb\u00e1m a tradic\u00edm \u010desk\u00e9 myslivosti. Populace jsou v \u0159ad\u011b region\u016f i n\u011bkolikan\u00e1sobn\u011b po\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e by odpov\u00eddalo p\u0159irozen\u00e9mu stavu a ne\u017e kolik je les schopen u\u017eivit. P\u0159emno\u017een\u00e1 zv\u011b\u0159 okusem po\u0161kozuje a ni\u010d\u00ed zejm\u00e9na mlad\u00e9 listnat\u00e9 stromky a jedle; v\u00fdrazn\u011b tak\u00e9 sni\u017euje druhovou rozmanitost bylinn\u00e9ho a k\u0159ovinn\u00e9ho patra. Br\u00e1n\u00ed tak p\u0159irozen\u00e9 obnov\u011b lesa – tedy tomu, aby mlad\u00e9 stromky vyrostly samy ze semen star\u0161\u00edch strom\u016f. Mlad\u00e9 um\u011ble vys\u00e1zen\u00e9 stromky se mus\u00ed chr\u00e1nit oplocenkami, plastov\u00fdmi tubusy a dal\u0161\u00edmi prost\u0159edky, co\u017e vy\u017eaduje zna\u010dn\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 n\u00e1klady a mo\u017enosti p\u0159irozen\u00e9 obnovy les\u016f velmi limituje. Mechanick\u00e9 ochrany stromk\u016f jsou nav\u00edc m\u00e1lo \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9. P\u0159emno\u017een\u00e1 sp\u00e1rkat\u00e1 zv\u011b\u0159 je tak nyn\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dovou p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekou revitalizace na\u0161ich les\u016f i jejich uveden\u00ed do stavu bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b.<\/p>\n

M\u00e1lo nedot\u010den\u00fdch m\u00edst<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve\u0161ker\u00e9 na\u0161e lesy byly v minulosti ekonomickou \u010dinnost\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm t\u011b\u017ebou d\u0159eva a zem\u011bd\u011blskou exploatac\u00ed, siln\u011b pozm\u011bn\u011bny. Proto v \u010desk\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch chyb\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 informace o p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm v\u00fdvoji, kter\u00e9 by umo\u017enily zlep\u0161it p\u00e9\u010di o hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 porosty.
\nPro m\u00edsta, je\u017e byla \u010dinnost\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka v minulosti m\u00e1lo naru\u0161ena nebo kter\u00e1 byla ponech\u00e1na ji\u017e dlouhou dobu bez z\u00e1sah\u016f, se v\u017eilo neform\u00e1ln\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00ed pralesy. Zbylo jich velmi m\u00e1lo a staly se pe\u010dliv\u011b ochra\u0148ovan\u00fdmi m\u00edsty, v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 zatajovan\u00fdmi p\u0159ed pozornost\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti. Boub\u00ednsk\u00fd, \u017dof\u00ednsk\u00fd \u010di Trojmezensk\u00fd prales, prales Mion\u0161\u00ed, B\u00edl\u00e1 Opava, Ran\u0161purk a n\u011bkolik dal\u0161\u00edch dnes pat\u0159\u00ed mezi klenoty \u010desk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrody a d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 objekty v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu. Pro uchov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ech pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch informac\u00ed o p\u0159irozen\u00e9m stavu a novodob\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji les\u016f jejich po\u010det zdaleka nedosta\u010duje. K ponech\u00e1n\u00ed les\u016f p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmu v\u00fdvoji by m\u011bl sm\u011b\u0159ovat management n\u00e1rodn\u00edch park\u016f a lesn\u00edch rezervac\u00ed. V praxi tomu tak v\u011bt\u0161inou nen\u00ed, dokonce se v \u0159ad\u011b z nich t\u011b\u017e\u00ed d\u0159evo. Vymezen\u00ed porost\u016f bez hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch z\u00e1sah\u016f je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 tak\u00e9 pro zachov\u00e1n\u00ed biologick\u00e9 diverzity.<\/p>\n

Pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed stavu \u010desk\u00fdch les\u016f je nezbytn\u00e1 syst\u00e9mov\u00e1 zm\u011bna hospoda\u0159en\u00ed. Nesta\u010d\u00ed jen drobn\u00e1 vylep\u0161en\u00ed. Je nutn\u00e9 zcela opustit hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd model stejnov\u011bk\u00e9ho lesa a paseky (holiny) a p\u0159ej\u00edt na trvale udr\u017eiteln\u00e9, p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e9 lesn\u00ed hospoda\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zaji\u0161\u0165uje trvalost a nep\u0159etr\u017eitost produkce d\u0159eva i existence v\u0161ech slo\u017eek lesn\u00edho ekosyst\u00e9mu. K tomu je nutn\u00e1 zm\u011bna zp\u016fsob\u016f \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na lesn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 v\u00fduky na lesnick\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch tak, aby \u0161kolstv\u00ed i v\u00fdzkum \u0161ly v \u010dele zm\u011bn a dostaly se zp\u011bt na evropskou \u00farove\u0148.
\nPova\u017eujeme za nutn\u00e9, aby st\u00e1tn\u00ed exekutiva i z\u00e1konod\u00e1rci z\u00e1rove\u0148 bezodkladn\u011b provedli konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed stavu les\u016f. Jako odborn\u00edci pracuj\u00edc\u00ed v t\u00e9to oblasti doporu\u010dujeme zejm\u00e9na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kroky:<\/p>\n

1. Vylou\u010den\u00ed holose\u010d\u00ed<\/strong>
\nJe nutn\u00e9, aby legislativa z\u00e1sadn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem omezila a\u017e vylou\u010dila pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 holose\u010dn\u00e9 k\u00e1cen\u00ed. Preferov\u00e1ny by m\u011bly b\u00fdt maloplo\u0161n\u00e9 clonn\u00e9 a v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9 metody hospoda\u0159en\u00ed. Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy mus\u00ed z\u00e1rove\u0148 umo\u017enit, aby holiny, kter\u00e9 vznikly v minulosti nebo je\u017e vzniknou p\u0159i dal\u0161\u00edch kalamit\u00e1ch, mohly b\u00fdt zalesn\u011bny nejprve pion\u00fdrsk\u00fdmi d\u0159evinami. Geneticky kvalitn\u00ed a odoln\u00e9 c\u00edlov\u00e9 stromy vyrostou na holin\u00e1ch a\u017e pod jejich \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00fdm zast\u00edn\u011bn\u00edm a ochranou.<\/p>\n

2. Obnova p\u0159irozen\u00e9 druhov\u00e9 skladby\u00a0<\/strong>
\nKl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 je postupn\u00e9 obnovov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e9 druhov\u00e9 skladby v les\u00edch – tedy v\u00fdsadba takov\u00fdch druh\u016f d\u0159evin, kter\u00e9 odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed dan\u00e9mu stanovi\u0161ti. Prom\u011bna skladby bude vzhledem k dob\u011b obm\u00fdt\u00ed samoz\u0159ejm\u011b trvat p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm sto let. Je v\u0161ak nezbytn\u00e9 s n\u00ed d\u016fsledn\u011b za\u010d\u00edt. St\u00e1t by v prv\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b m\u011bl zcela vylou\u010dit jakoukoli dota\u010dn\u00ed podporu vysazov\u00e1n\u00ed stromk\u016f na nevhodn\u00e1 stanovi\u0161t\u011b, nap\u0159\u00edklad smrku ve st\u0159edn\u00edch poloh\u00e1ch. P\u0159i p\u0159irozen\u00e9 sukcesn\u00ed obnov\u011b lesa je pot\u0159eba vylou\u010dit k\u00e1cen\u00ed pion\u00fdrsk\u00fdch d\u0159evin (osiky, b\u0159\u00edzy apod.).<\/p>\n

3. Ponech\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed star\u00fdch strom\u016f a mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva<\/strong>
\nLegislativa a dota\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed by m\u011bla zajistit, aby \u010d\u00e1st strom\u016f v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m lese z\u016fst\u00e1vala nevyt\u011b\u017eena k do\u017eit\u00ed a k zetlen\u00ed – nejm\u00e9n\u011b n\u011bkolik kus\u016f na hektar, pokud mo\u017eno i v\u00edce. Zajist\u00ed se tak zachov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch stanovi\u0161\u0165 pro \u017eivot \u0159ady druh\u016f i ponech\u00e1n\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti \u017eivin v lese. D\u0159evn\u00ed odpad po t\u011b\u017eb\u011b by nem\u011bl b\u00fdt odv\u00e1\u017een, p\u00e1len a pokud mo\u017eno ani \u0161t\u011bpkov\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

4. V\u00e1pn\u011bn\u00ed a hnojen\u00ed<\/strong>
\nV\u00e1pn\u011bn\u00ed a hnojen\u00ed je t\u0159eba v\u00fdrazn\u011b omezit a\u017e zcela vylou\u010dit. Nejen \u017ee je mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b n\u00e1kladn\u00e9, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm vede k vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed um\u011bl\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00e9 postupn\u011b znovu vykazuj\u00ed znaky po\u0161kozen\u00ed, je\u017e byly p\u016fvodn\u00edm d\u016fvodem k v\u00e1pn\u011bn\u00ed (hlavn\u011b \u017eloutnut\u00ed jehlic). Zp\u016fsobuje i degradaci diverzity p\u016fdn\u00edch organism\u016f, z\u00e1sadn\u00ed zm\u011bny v rozkladu mrtv\u00e9 organick\u00e9 hmoty v p\u016fd\u011b, tvorb\u011b humusu a kolob\u011bhu \u017eivin.
\nMnoh\u00e9 oblasti zejm\u00e9na Kru\u0161n\u00fdch a Orlick\u00fdch hor byly od 70. let 20. stolet\u00ed pov\u00e1pn\u011bny ji\u017e n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t. P\u0159esto dnes znovu vykazuj\u00ed podobn\u00e9 znaky po\u0161kozen\u00ed jako v minulosti. V\u00e1pn\u011bn\u00ed je v dne\u0161n\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch zcela nevhodn\u00e9 v horsk\u00fdch oblastech s vysokou depozic\u00ed dus\u00edku – p\u0159esto se tam nej\u010dast\u011bji prov\u00e1d\u00ed a vede k destabilizaci horsk\u00fdch les\u016f. Hnojen\u00ed je akceptovateln\u00e9, pouze pokud je n\u00e1sledov\u00e1no v\u00fdraznou zm\u011bnou lesnick\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed oproti sou\u010dasn\u00fdm praktik\u00e1m (vysok\u00fd pod\u00edl listn\u00e1\u010d\u016f, mal\u00e9 po\u010dty strom\u016f). Nem\u011blo by slou\u017eit jako prost\u0159edek jak zachovat produkci na m\u00edstech, kde je stav p\u016fd pro les limituj\u00edc\u00edm faktorem. Zcela by v\u00e1pn\u011bn\u00ed a hnojen\u00ed m\u011blo b\u00fdt vylou\u010deno ve velkoplo\u0161n\u00fdch i maloplo\u0161n\u00fdch chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00edch.<\/p>\n

5. Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed stav\u016f zv\u011b\u0159e<\/strong>
\nPo\u010det zv\u011b\u0159e je nutn\u00e9 upravit na pro les \u00fanosn\u00e9 stavy. Sazeni\u010dky a p\u0159irozen\u00e9 zmlazen\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch d\u0159evin v\u010detn\u011b listn\u00e1\u010d\u016f a jedle mus\u00ed m\u00edt mo\u017enost odr\u016fstat bez n\u00e1kladn\u00e9 um\u011bl\u00e9 ochrany. Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e1 m\u00edra po\u0161kozen\u00ed mlad\u00fdch stromk\u016f zv\u011b\u0159\u00ed (odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9mu stavu) je zhruba 10 %. St\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1va myslivosti mus\u00ed p\u0159estat p\u0159emno\u017een\u00ed zv\u011b\u0159e mysliveck\u00fdm subjekt\u016fm tolerovat, za p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed stav\u016f, kter\u00e9 po\u0161kozuj\u00ed obnovu nad v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fd limit, ukl\u00e1dat u\u017eivatel\u016fm honiteb sankce podle z\u00e1kona a p\u0159i mysliveck\u00e9m pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed zajistit sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed populace na \u00farove\u0148, je\u017e dovol\u00ed p\u0159irozenou obnovu v\u0161ech lesn\u00edch d\u0159evin a bylin. Pro nastartov\u00e1n\u00ed revitaliza\u010dn\u00edho managementu les\u016f v n\u011bkter\u00fdch kriticky ohro\u017een\u00fdch oblastech to bude znamenat velmi dramatick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed proti p\u0159emno\u017een\u00e9 sp\u00e1rkat\u00e9 zv\u011b\u0159i, zejm\u00e9na jelen\u00ed a nep\u016fvodn\u00edm druh\u016fm.<\/p>\n

6. Ochrana p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch rezervac\u00ed<\/strong>
\nP\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v prvn\u00edch z\u00f3n\u00e1ch n\u00e1rodn\u00edch park\u016f a lesn\u00edch n\u00e1rodn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch rezervac\u00edch \u010di p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch rezervac\u00edch mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zaji\u0161t\u011bna d\u016fsledn\u00e1 ochrana p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch proces\u016f. V porostech, kde druhov\u00e1 skladba nen\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e1 od p\u0159irozen\u00e9, by m\u011bly b\u00fdt vylou\u010deny ve\u0161ker\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 z\u00e1sahy. Tam, kde je druhov\u00e1 skladba v\u00fdrazn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e1 od p\u0159irozen\u00e9, mohou b\u00fdt do\u010dasn\u011b umo\u017en\u011bny pouze takov\u00e9 aktivity, kter\u00e9 vedou ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159ed ponech\u00e1n\u00edm porost\u016f p\u0159irozen\u00e9mu v\u00fdvoji. Plocha a po\u010det lesn\u00edch rezervac\u00ed by m\u011bly b\u00fdt dopln\u011bny tak, aby pokr\u00fdvaly dostate\u010dnou rozlohu, kter\u00e1 zajist\u00ed stanovi\u0161t\u011b druh\u016f p\u0159i p\u0159irozen\u00e9 dynamice ekosyst\u00e9mu, a aby byly zachov\u00e1ny v\u0161echny p\u016fvodn\u00ed typy lesn\u00edch biotop\u016f v dostate\u010dn\u00e9 velikosti. Jejich vz\u00e1jemnou komunikaci mus\u00ed zajistit funk\u010dn\u00ed biokoridory.<\/p>\n

7. Stanovit pravidla pro zales\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong>
\nJe nezbytn\u00e9 vylou\u010dit zales\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed biologicky cenn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch lokalit, jako jsou mal\u00e9 enkl\u00e1vy bezles\u00ed uvnit\u0159 porost\u016f, druhov\u011b bohat\u00e9 louky a podobn\u011b. V minul\u00fdch letech tak byla zni\u010dena \u0159ada velmi kvalitn\u00edch biotop\u016f.
\nP\u0159i zales\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed holin a zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch p\u016fd by nem\u011bly b\u00fdt vysazov\u00e1ny rovnou sazenice klimaxov\u00fdch d\u0159evin, zejm\u00e9na jedle a buku. M\u011bly by b\u00fdt uplat\u0148ov\u00e1ny a dotacemi podporov\u00e1ny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm postupy s vyu\u017eit\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpravn\u00fdch d\u0159evin.
\nDotace na zales\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch p\u016fd by m\u011bly sm\u011b\u0159ovat p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm do oblast\u00ed s n\u00edzkou celkovou lesnatost\u00ed.
\nZales\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch devastovan\u00fdch ploch po povrchov\u00e9 t\u011b\u017eb\u011b uhl\u00ed, v p\u00edskovn\u00e1ch, na hald\u00e1ch, odkali\u0161t\u00edch a na podobn\u00fdch m\u00edstech je ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f zbyte\u010dn\u011b finan\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1kladn\u00e9 a vede k nep\u0159irozen\u00e9 skladb\u011b v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho porostu. P\u0159irozen\u00e1 prim\u00e1rn\u00ed sukcese vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed cenn\u00e9 porosty a m\u016f\u017ee sm\u011b\u0159ovat k m\u00edstn\u00ed klimaxov\u00e9 skladb\u011b lesn\u00edho porostu, a to i na chemicky extr\u00e9mn\u00edch substr\u00e1tech. Proto by m\u011bl b\u00fdt p\u0159i zales\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto ploch ponech\u00e1n dostate\u010dn\u00fd prostor pro prim\u00e1rn\u00ed sukcesi pion\u00fdrsk\u00fdch d\u0159evin a jejich funkci p\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed lesn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/strong><\/p>\n

V tomto stanovisku uveden\u00e9 n\u00e1m\u011bty ke zm\u011bn\u011b lesn\u00edho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed vych\u00e1zej\u00ed ze soudob\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch poznatk\u016f a v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice a op\u00edraj\u00ed se o z\u00e1sady modern\u00ed lesnick\u00e9 praxe v \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm evropsk\u00e9m kontextu. Evropsk\u00e1 lesnick\u00e1 politika stav\u00ed na trval\u00e9 udr\u017eitelnosti lesa, jeho v\u00edce\u00fa\u010delov\u00e9m vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a jeho biologick\u00e9 diverzit\u011b, zakotven\u00e9 v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch form\u00e1ch hospoda\u0159en\u00ed. S t\u011bmito z\u00e1sadami se \u010desk\u00e9 lesnictv\u00ed dosud vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1 jen v nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e. Podobn\u011b jako v jin\u00fdch evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch stav\u00ed i v\u00fdvoj \u010desk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti lesnictv\u00ed p\u0159ed nevyhnutelnou zm\u011bnu: p\u0159ej\u00edt od zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u00ed produkce d\u0159eva k trval\u00e9mu poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed ekonomick\u00fdch, ekologick\u00fdch a soci\u00e1ln\u00edch slu\u017eeb podle pot\u0159eb a ku prosp\u011bchu soudob\u00e9 a budouc\u00ed spole\u010dnosti.
\nNov\u00fd lesn\u00ed z\u00e1kon ur\u010d\u00ed, na jakou cestou se \u010desk\u00e9 lesn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed na po\u010d\u00e1tku 21. stolet\u00ed vyd\u00e1. M\u011bl by vytvo\u0159it p\u0159edpoklady k tomu, aby se \u010desk\u00e1 lesnick\u00e1 politika dostala v pln\u00e9m rozsahu do souladu se z\u00e1sadami evropsk\u00e9 lesnick\u00e9 politiky, a aby se \u010desk\u00e9 lesnictv\u00ed vyrovnalo s \u00fakoly, kter\u00e9 na n\u011b klade sou\u010dasnost a jejich\u017e spln\u011bn\u00ed se od n\u011bj o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 v budoucnosti.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Stanovisko v\u011bdc\u016f a odborn\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f k ochran\u011b \u010desk\u00fdch les\u016f Navzdory poklesu emis\u00ed b\u011bhem 90. let z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 stav \u010desk\u00fdch les\u016f nad\u00e1le \u0161patn\u00fd. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 probl\u00e9my shrnula u\u017e obs\u00e1hl\u00e1 odborn\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va o stavu lesn\u00edch p\u016fd, kterou pro vl\u00e1du p\u0159ipravil t\u00fdm specialist\u016f v roce 2001 (Hru\u0161ka et Cienciala 2001). Jako v\u011bdci a odborn\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed se ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci lesy […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"sidebar-page.php","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/benatkyhajovna.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/benatkyhajovna.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/benatkyhajovna.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/benatkyhajovna.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/benatkyhajovna.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/benatkyhajovna.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":63,"href":"https:\/\/benatkyhajovna.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12\/revisions\/63"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/benatkyhajovna.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}